Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry – I (BP202T)
Structure of atoms, chemical bonding, hybridization, polarity of bonds, inductive effect, resonance, hyperconjugation, and reaction intermediates.
Organic chemistry deals with the study of carbon-containing compounds. Understanding the structure of atoms and chemical bonding is essential to explain the properties and reactions of organic molecules.
Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons occupy specific energy levels known as shells and subshells. The distribution of electrons determines the chemical behavior of elements.
Chemical bonding is the force that holds atoms together in molecules. The most common bond in organic chemistry is the covalent bond, formed by sharing of electrons between atoms.
Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals suitable for bonding.
Bond polarity arises due to difference in electronegativity between bonded atoms. Polar bonds influence solubility and reactivity of organic compounds.
Inductive effect is the permanent displacement of electrons along a carbon chain due to the presence of electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups.
Resonance occurs when a molecule cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure. The actual structure is a resonance hybrid of all possible contributing structures.
Hyperconjugation involves delocalization of sigma electrons and contributes to the stability of alkenes, carbocations, and free radicals.
Understanding structure and bonding helps in predicting drug stability, reactivity, and mechanism of action, which is crucial in drug design and development.